Discuss the similarity and difference between a galvanic cell and an electrolyte cell in turns of e. Principles of electrical grounding john pfeiffer, p. One of the most popular devices for determining the ph of a solution is the ph meter. However, the most widely used type is the coriolis meter. Concentration in most solutions, the concentration of solute in a solvent can be determined by measuring the refractive index n d. Biennial guidance test symposium 17th held at ruidoso, new mexico on 24 may 1995. A ph meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogenion activity in waterbased solutions, indicating its acidity or basicity expressed as ph. Earth tester working principle construction the earth megger is essentially a direct reading ohmmeter and it has a hand driven generator which supplies the testing current. The most powerful and scaleable electronic register ever produced. The operations of this useful laboratory instrument is based on the familiar. Why we do not directly calculate power factor in an ac circuit just by dividing the power with product of current and voltage because these readings can.
Ultrasonic meter basics ultrasonic gas flow meters operate on the transittime measurement principle. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure. Also explain the factors that cause errors during a q factor measurement. Often these are different devices attached with a cable, as shown in figure 1 for a meter and probe sold by american marine pinpoint brand. Cpu often has to wait until the peripheral is free before it can initialize. In essence, ph readings should always be carried out in scientific experiments that involve water or other chemical reactions. The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of an aluminium disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. Your browser doesnt seem to have a pdf viewer, please download the pdf to view this item. As the name implies, it consists of an orifice plate which is the basic. A second terminal block between the current transformer and the meter simplifies service work. Automatic meter reading and theft control system by using gsm p. The basic principle of the ph meter is to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions.
Working principle of ph sensor electrode and ph meter used in quality control and manufacturing area. This device is available in a purely electronic form too which is known as digital wattmeter. It is mainly used for robust applications as it is known for its durability and is very economical. Still, the glass electrodes of today share with the glass electrodes of yesterday both their working principle and their limitations.
Explain the basic working principles of a variety of speed transducers. Automatic meter reading and theft control system by using. Calculates actual mass flow from the 3 following parameters measured continuously. Utilities are one of the electrical departments, which install these instruments at every place like homes, industries, organizations, commercial buildings to charge for the electricity consumption by loads such as lights, fans, refrigerator, and other home appliances.
This instrument operates on the principle of series resonance i. Dont worry, this is not a fault, it is correct the resistance of air is very high. Here, the magnitude of the amplifier is not a critical factor, its gain should be large. This is a discussion of the basic principles behind grounding systems and how grounding is related to safety and the effective operation of circuit protection devices such as fuses and circuit breakers. The principle of the measurement is that one takes a sensor with a glass membrane which is sensitive to hydrogen ions and observes the reaction between it and a sample solution. Easy to operate, easy to see, and configurable to your industry or application. What is the working principle of wattmeter and energy meter. Oct 18, 2015 ph meter design and working principle 1. Touch the meter probes together and check that the meter reads zero. Theory overview of flow measurement using differential. Automatic water level controller working principle w. An orifice meter is basically a type of flow meter used to measure the rate of flow of liquid or gas, especially steam, using the differential pressure measurement principle. The fl40 is a powerful multivariable flow computer specifically designed for use on primary devices designed under the iso5167 standard. If it doesnt read zero, turn the switch to set zero if your meter.
Jun 15, 2018 the main principle of working of weston type frequency meter is that when an current flows through the two coils which are perpendicular to each other, due to these currents some magnetic fields will produce and thus the magnetic needle will deflects towards the stronger magnetic field showing the measurement of frequency on the meter. Pressure drop devices based on bernoulli principle a venturi b orifice plate c pitot tube 2. The ohmmeter essentially consists of two coils current coil and pressure coil mounted at a fixed angle to each other on a common axis. So, electronic type of threephase energy meter is explained below with its working principle. We will switch the water motor on and keep track of. Recent releases 48 hours may not yet be available from all the mirrors. Explain the basic working principles of a variety of flow meters. We have used several lamps having watt ratings of 40, 60 and 100watt as loads and measured real power dissipated at those loads using our designed digital wattmeter. The basic idea is that the paper turns a slightly different color in solutions between ph 1 and 14 and, by comparing your paper to a color chart, you can simply read off the acidity or alkalinity without worrying how many hydrogen ions there are. Alternatives to the glass electrode are available but are seldom used as they have other drawbacks, e. This booklet explains the principles behind the measurement and discusses ways of avoiding common pitfalls. Dobe systems cape cast noticias48 please dont gawk living with your engineer as we go actual play podcast living your one life. Electrical conductivityprinciple of its measurement. Power factor meters electrodynamometer type power factor meter.
Solving difficult problems with automated technology. Em6438em 6436 dual source energy meter documents and. Notice that the meter display shows off the scale usually blank except for a 1 on the left. In general hall elements are used as a sensor to detect dc current because it is not possible to employ an electromagnetic induction method as used for dedicated ac clamp meters. Mass flow meters are the types of flow meters which are mainly employed in massrelated processes such as chemical reactions, heat transfer, etc. It consumes a small amount of power, typically around 2 watts.
May 15, 2018 before we introduce various types of power factor meters it is very essential to understand what are the needs of power factor meter. An electrical conductivity meter ec meter measures the electrical conductivity in a solution. How to download pdf of measurement and instrumentation principles by alan s morris free. Energy meter or watthour meter is an electrical instrument that measures the amount of electrical energy used by the consumers. In all these processes, accurate measurement of flow is the prerequisite. Electrical energy meters principles and applications. Jan 03, 20 a ph meter provides a value as to how acidic or alkaline a liquid is. Dgm102 operatres on the principle of hall effect in semiconductors. Measurement and instrumentation this page intentionally left blank measurement and instrumentation theory and appli. There are numerous types of mass flow meters available in the industry. A ph meter provides a value as to how acidic or alkaline a liquid is. The meter is provided with a field to which entries can be made for this purpose ct or vt factor. A multimeter ora multitester, also known as a voltohm meter or vom is, an. Pdf measurement and instrumentation principles, first edition.
Seethalakshmi2 1 school of computing, sastra university, tamil nadu, india 2professor, school of computing, sastra university, tamil nadu, india 1 rakesh. Working principle of a q meter, electrical engineering. Recording and displaying measuring instruments 88 3. Two disadvantages of glass electrodes are that measuring solutions can damage the glass membrane and that the glass membrane is easily broken. The ph reading of a solutionsubstance is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. Design and hardware implementation of a digital wattmeter. The glass electrode is an half cell and the calomel electrode is another half cell. Types of energy meters and their working principles elprocus. Earth tester working principle your electrical guide. When the meter is lowered in water and when it faces the current of water in the channel the wheel rotates. In most houses, we have water tanks that are filled for regular and daily use of water.
Variable area flowmeter ariable area flowmeter rotameter. The wattimeter has a rotating conductive disk which is crossing two magnetic flux, one is produced by coil connected to ac supply voltage and the other by a coil connected to ac current, as they are ac some eddy or foucault currents are produced. How a ph meter works to be able to measure ph one needs to have a ph meter which is sensitive to the hydrogen ions that define the ph value. The qmeter is an instrument designed for the measurement of qfactor of the coil as well as for the measurement of electrical properties of coils and capacitors. Explain the basic working principles of a variety of force gauges. The ph meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a ph electrode and a reference electrode, and so the ph meter is sometimes referred to as a potentiometric ph meter. As shown in the above figure, the wattmeter has two sets of coils.
The current meter with conical cups is more popular because of its accuracy and efficient working. The greater this concentration of hydrogen ions, the stronger the acid is. The float rises within the tube as the flow increases. Automatic water level controller working principle 3 types. The traditional form of wattmeter is called as dynamometer wattmeter. Featured software all software latest this just in old school emulation msdos games historical software classic pc games software library. When connected to loads, they consume less power and start measuring instantaneous. Most air conditioning and heating systems require some form of duct work to channel or direct the air to places where the conditioned air is needed. The following animation shows how a radioenergy pulse travels down and then up the wave guide of a guidedwave radar level instrument, relating the peaks on an echo curve to. Because the cell has high internal resistance, the ph meter must have a very high. The mechanism and working of this instrument are mentioned in this video. An induc tor is connected to the q meter coil terminals and resonated at the mea surement frequency, the q and tuning capacitance, q and c1, are read, the sample foils are then connected tothe q meter cap terminals ai.
Due to its operating principle the rotameter is usually installed in vertical. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. There are many types of ductwork available and often times the ductwork can make a big difference in your utility bills. Based on the flow of current, the ferriwheel rotates which makes rotation of other wheels. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. Students should download above file and unzip in on hisher computer. The electrode is placed inside the beaker filled with a solution whose ph is to be measure. Simultaneously, watt readings using a standard commercially available analogue wattmeter were also taken. Pdf measurement and instrumentation principles by alan s morris.
A ph meter is used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. Water is a gift from the gods and it shouldnt be wasted. Coriolis mass flow meter working principle coriolis. We recommend you use a mirror to download our release builds, but you must verify the integrity of the downloaded files using signatures downloaded from our main distribution directories. When measurements are performed with upstream transformers, the displayed energy value must be multiplied by the transformation ratios. Thermal mass flow meters work by measuring the amount of h eat transfer a gas. In principle the working of the two types is based on the same theory and can be outlined as mentioned below. Conductivity changes with storage time and temperature. Measurement of velocity by currentmeter with diagram. Why a new glass electrode must be soaked in water electrolyte for several hours before use. Even though there are numerous designs on the market today, the principle of operation remains the same figure 1. Overview of flowmeter models matheson offers a complete line of variable area flowmeters to meet your application requirements. Explain the basic working principles of a variety of pressure sensors. How a ph meter works a ph meter is actually quite a complicated device.
Figure 21 shows separate measuring and reference electrodes. It has a rotating aluminium wheel called ferriwheel and many toothed wheels. This mechanical principle is as simple as it is reliable. The multimeter has two test probes one red for positive and one black for. This meter is able to perform current, voltage and power measurements in three phase supply systems. A semiconductor carrying current develops an electromotive force, when placed in a magnetic field, in a direction perpendicular to the direction of both electric current and magnetic field.
How electronic energy meter works mohans electronics blog. Based on the flow of current, the ferriwheel rotates which. Inductance and capacitance measurements c voltage source r limiting amplifier dc voltmeter phase detector in this scheme, we measure the phase difference between the input voltage, vin and the voltage across the series resistance. The positive displacement measuring instrument that provides sustained accuracy and repeatability providing accuracy you can depend on. What is ph meter principle and how does a ph sensor electrode and ph meter used in quality control and manufacturing area.
The relation between the refractive index and the concentration depends on the. Nov 29, 2014 the traditional form of wattmeter is called as dynamometer wattmeter. A common interference with sensing hydronium comes from ions of. Printed in the united states of america on acidfree paper. Measurement and instrumentation principles to jane, nicola and julia measurement and instrumentation principles alan s. The glass bulb welded at the end of the measurement electrode consists of lithium ions doped to it which makes it act as an ion selective barrier and allows the hydrogen ions from the unknown solution to migrate through the barrier and interacts with the glass, developing an. Principle by which this instrument measures the electrical conductivity is very simple. The conventional mechanical energy meter is based on the phenomenon of magnetic induction. The zip file contains labview vis and other files which will be used in some of the experiments during the course. Technical note 12, differential pressure mass flow meter, rev. As shown in a figure at left, a hall element is placed across a gap created by cutting off part of the transformer jaws. Double chronometry for api meter proving as described in api mpms chapter 4.
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